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Car Beauty Knowledge -- The Overall Structure of a Car

Having worked in the local automobile repair industry for many years, I would now like to share my experience with everyone.

A car is typically composed of four parts: the body, engine, electrical equipment, and chassis.

1. Body

The body is where the driver operates the vehicle, as well as where passengers and cargo are carried. It should provide the driver with convenient operating conditions, as well as offer passengers a comfortable and safe environment or ensure that the cargo arrives intact. A typical truck body includes front sheet metal components, a cab, and a cargo compartment; a typical three-box sedan consists of an engine compartment, a trunk, and a passenger cabin.

2. Engine

The function of the engine is to burn fuel and output power. Most cars use reciprocating internal combustion engines. These generally consist of several parts including the engine block, crankshaft connecting rod mechanism, valve train, supply system, cooling system, lubrication system, ignition system (used in gasoline engines), and starting system.

3. Electrical Equipment

Electrical equipment is composed of a power source, the engine's starting system and ignition system, lighting, and signaling devices. Additionally, modern cars are increasingly equipped with various electronic devices such as microprocessors, microcomputers, and various human-style intelligent devices, significantly enhancing car performance!

4. Chassis

The chassis receives power from the engine to make the car move and ensures that the car travels normally according to the driver's control. The chassis mainly consists of the following parts:

1) Transmission System: Transmits the engine's power to the drive wheels. The transmission system includes components such as the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, and differential.

2) Running Gear: Connects all the assemblies and components into one unit and supports the entire vehicle to ensure normal travel. The running gear includes components such as the frame, front axle (non-drive axle), the housing of the drive axle, wheels (steering wheels and drive wheels), suspension (front suspension and rear suspension).

3) Steering System: Ensures that the car can travel in the direction chosen by the driver. It is composed of a steering wheel and steering transmission device.

4) Braking System: Slows down or stops the car and ensures that it remains reliably parked after the driver has left. Each car's braking system includes several independent braking systems. Each braking system consists of energy supply devices, control devices, transmission devices, and brakes.

The Highest Speed of a Car

This refers to the maximum speed a car can reach on a flat, good asphalt or concrete road under windless conditions. The highest speed listed in a car's specifications is measured over the final 500 meters of a 1.6-kilometer test section, using the highest gear and maximum throttle. The top speeds of modern highway sedans range from 120 kilometers per hour to 280 kilometers per hour. There are also specially designed racing cars and sports cars whose top speeds can approach or even exceed 400 kilometers per hour (some pure speed racing cars are equipped with jet engines, achieving speeds close to 1000 kilometers per hour, requiring a drag parachute for braking!).

Acceleration Time (Acceleration Capability)

This refers to the car's ability to increase its speed during travel, usually expressed in terms of acceleration time and acceleration distance. Acceleration capability includes two aspects: standing start acceleration and overtaking acceleration. Standing start acceleration refers to the time needed to accelerate from a stationary position, continuously shifting gears up to the highest gear, until reaching a certain distance or speed. There are two ways to express this: the number of seconds required to accelerate from 0 to 1 kilometer (or 400 meters, or 1/4 mile); or the number of seconds required to accelerate from 0 to 50 km/h (80 km/h, 100 km/h, 50 mph). Of course, the shorter the time, the better. For small sedans, the 0-100 km/h acceleration time generally exceeds 10 seconds; for mid-to-high-end sedans, it is usually around 10 seconds or less, with some racing cars and sports cars having a 0-100 km/h acceleration time of less than four seconds. Overtaking acceleration refers to the time needed to fully accelerate from the lowest stable speed in the highest or second-highest gear to a predetermined high speed (such as 30 km/h, 40 km/h). During overtaking on the road, the period when the overtaking vehicle is parallel to the overtaken vehicle is when accidents are most likely to occur. Therefore, overtaking acceleration is very important, and the quality of overtaking acceleration is closely related to the torque characteristics of the engine. Ideally, the segment of the engine's maximum torque should be smooth with a slight decline.

Overall Performance of the Car

In addition to the highest speed, acceleration time, minimum turning diameter, fuel consumption, and drag coefficient, the main performance parameters of a car also include parameters indicating its off-road capability, such as maximum gradeability, minimum ground clearance, approach angle, departure angle, longitudinal passing angle, etc.

Ground Clearance of a Car

This refers to the distance between the ground and the rigid objects at the bottom of the vehicle. In the car's parameter table, the minimum ground clearance refers to the distance between the ground (flat) and the lowest point of the rigid objects at the bottom of the vehicle. Determining the ground clearance involves factors such as fuel tank height and the lowest contour line of the engine.

Maximum Gradeability of a Car

This refers to the maximum gradeability a car can achieve while driving in first gear on a good road surface. For off-road vehicles, climbing ability is a quite important indicator because they often have to drive on bad roads or even no roads. Generally, they are required to climb slopes not less than 60% or 30 degrees. For cargo trucks, a climbing ability of about 30% is required; sedans, with higher top speeds and frequently driving on better roads, do not emphasize climbing ability, generally having a climbing ability of around 20%.

Minimum Turning Diameter of a Car

This refers to the diameter of the trajectory circle formed by the outermost end of the car's outer wheel when the steering wheel is turned to its limit position on a wide and flat area. Since left turns and right turns may differ slightly, the average value of three left turns is taken. The smaller this value, the better the vehicle's maneuverability and flexibility, making it one of the performance indicators where small vehicles can outperform large luxury cars.

Fuel Consumption (Fuel Economy)

"The fuel consumption per hundred kilometers" (in European and American countries, the fuel economy index is "miles traveled per liter of fuel") refers to the number of liters of fuel consumed while traveling 100 kilometers. This index is divided into the following two types:

One is the equal-speed fuel consumption per hundred kilometers: the standard specifies the fuel consumption of a car traveling at a constant speed for one hundred kilometers in the highest gear under rated load on a level good road;

Two is the cycle condition fuel consumption per hundred kilometers: the fuel consumption of traveling one hundred kilometers under various specified typical driving conditions. Manufacturers often refer to the equal-speed fuel consumption rate per hundred kilometers at economic speed when promoting their car products (this speed can be calculated based on the engine's external characteristic curve at the lowest fuel consumption point). However, the cycle condition fuel consumption per hundred kilometers is closer to actual car operation conditions, and the difference between the two is quite significant. Therefore, if the manufacturer claims that the car's fuel consumption per hundred kilometers is only 6.5L but your actual result is tenL, you should understand what's going on.

This article was collected online by the Car Beauty Talent Recruitment Network. For car beauty talents, please visit the China Auto Beauty Talent Network.

Source: http://www.qcmrrc.com/