A reasonable diet should be appropriate. Balanced nutrition is an important principle of a reasonable diet. Its reasonableness lies in its scientific nature. It is the conclusion drawn from countless examples and observations. This conclusion applies to everyone, with wide universality, or commonality. However, as individuals, people have small differences within the great similarities, with their own characteristics of demand, which is individuality. Ignoring this individuality and not paying attention to individual differences will make it difficult to achieve balance. Therefore, for each specific person, it is also necessary to pursue appropriateness. This appropriateness means that the nutritional needs of individuals should be appropriate. Pursuing appropriateness means formulating a balanced diet according to individual nutritional needs. This requires attention to individual age, physical constitution, health status, and different levels of labor intensity, as their nutritional needs vary accordingly. Only by noticing these differences can balanced nutrition be achieved.
In terms of physical constitution, according to the views of traditional Chinese medicine, human constitutions are categorized into: yin deficiency constitution, yang deficiency constitution, phlegm-dampness constitution, yin deficiency with hyperactivity of fire constitution, etc. Different constitutions have different nutritional needs. For example, people with yang deficiency and hyperactivity of fire constitution should avoid or reduce consumption of hot-natured foods such as spicy foods, grilled foods, tobacco, alcohol, etc., and eat more cooling and nourishing yin foods like duck meat, abalone, and silver ear fungus. Although fruits can be consumed, it is not advisable to consume too much "hot-natured" fruits such as lychee and longan. People with phlegm-dampness constitution, who tend to be obese, should avoid or reduce eating foods that easily produce phlegm and dampness, such as glutinous rice cakes, sweets, fried foods, fatty meat, cream, etc.
In terms of health status, it refers to a comprehensive evaluation of the body's mental state, physical strength, thinking ability, and stress response capability. There are different states, including normal times (when there is no disease), illness period, and recovery period, all with corresponding nutritional needs. When formulating a diet, it is necessary to consider this appropriateness. For example, diabetic patients should strictly control carbohydrate intake during periods of abnormal blood sugar levels. To supplement sufficient calories, some proteins can be appropriately increased, such as fish, meat, beans, vegetables, etc. However, the intake amount must also be controlled; excessive intake can cause abnormal protein metabolism, leading to increased uric acid. This shows that balance and suitability must be combined to achieve a reasonable and scientific nutritional need. Specific operational content can refer to relevant materials, which will not be detailed here.
In terms of age, during the process of individual growth and development, different periods have different nutritional needs. Adolescence is a critical period for physical growth and development. The demands for energy and nutrition should be appropriately increased. Increase the intake of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats to meet the increasing energy needs. At the same time, vitamins A, D, C, and minerals like calcium and zinc should be supplemented to meet the needs of growth and development. In old age, physical strength gradually declines, activities relatively decrease, and energy needs also relatively decrease. Therefore, nutritional supply should also relatively decrease. In food selection, attention should be paid to ease of digestion and richness in nutrition. The nutritional characteristics and needs of the elderly can be found in Chapter Four.
In terms of labor intensity, different labor methods have different nutritional needs. Generally speaking, physical labor requires increased energy needs, and the ratio of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats should be correspondingly increased. Physical labor is divided into heavy and light physical labor, with different nutritional requirements. Mental workers, due to less physical activity and less energy consumption, but more mental energy consumption, should appropriately increase some proteins, especially fish and meat proteins. Due to less activity, fat intake should not be increased to avoid fat accumulation and obesity. Among labor methods, there are high-temperature operations, such as metallurgy, glass industries; flight operations, such as pilots, astronauts, etc., they all have corresponding nutritional needs, which will not be detailed here.
From this, we can see that a reasonable and scientific diet not only needs to focus on balance but also on suitability. Only by paying attention to the suitability of individuality can the goal of universal balance be achieved.
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