Abstract: Groundwater is the main component of water resources. With the rapid development of society and economy, human beings have caused serious pollution to the groundwater environment. In today's world that advocates sustainable development, how to reasonably and effectively utilize groundwater resources has become an urgent task.
Keywords: groundwater, pollution, path, countermeasures
0 Introduction
Groundwater is the main component of water resources and is an indispensable natural resource for human survival, daily life, and production activities. It plays an immeasurable role in ensuring residents' living water needs, promoting social and economic development, and maintaining ecological balance. As a source of fresh water on Earth, it possesses high ecological and economic value. With the rapid development of socio-economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the amount of discarded gases, solids, and liquids has increased significantly, causing severe pollution to the water environment through various pathways. In summary, any change in groundwater quality towards deterioration under the influence of human activities is referred to as groundwater pollution.
The Guanzhong region, known as the "800-li Qin Plain," is the economic, political, and cultural center of Shaanxi Province. It has a dense population, developed agriculture and industry, abundant tourism resources, and strong technological and educational capabilities. It includes five large and medium-sized cities—Xi'an, Baoji, Xianyang, Weinan, Tongchuan—and the Yangling Agricultural High-tech Industrial Demonstration Zone. However, in recent years, excessive extraction of groundwater has led to a continuous decline in groundwater levels, degradation of water quality, ground subsidence, and other environmental issues. With the rapid economic development and population growth in the Guanzhong region, the per capita water resource availability is less than 17% of the national average and less than 30% of the provincial average, making it a severely water-deficient area. Therefore, to meet the increasing demands of economic development and population growth, it is imperative to utilize groundwater resources reasonably and effectively in today's era of advocating sustainable development. This is also a fundamental condition for achieving regional groundwater resource protection, improving the regional ecological environment, and ensuring stable national economic development.
1 Sources and Pathways of Groundwater Pollution
Under natural conditions, groundwater generally has a certain self-purification capacity, and the ion exchange and adsorption effects of aquifers help reduce pollutant concentrations in water. The interaction between large amounts of waste discharged from human activities and the geological environment disrupts the natural balance, altering the physical, chemical, and biological properties of groundwater and causing pollutant concentrations to exceed specified standards. Based on the causes of groundwater pollution, it can be categorized into agricultural and pastoral pollution, industrial pollution, domestic pollution, etc.
1.1 Pollution from Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
1.1.1 Pesticide and Fertilizer Pollution
Since the mid-1940s, humans began using chemically synthesized pesticides to control pests and diseases. However, only about 12% of these pesticides are absorbed by crops, with some volatilizing into the atmosphere and the rest entering the soil and surface materials. The unabsorbed pesticides infiltrate into underground water reservoirs through surface runoff, causing pollution. The extensive use of fertilizers has greatly enhanced land productivity, but only about 42% is absorbed by crops, with the remainder dissolving in irrigation water and rainwater, leading to elements seeping underground. This results in nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in groundwater, increasing the total hardness, nitrate, and ammonia nitrogen levels.
1.1.2 Organic Waste Pollution from Livestock
Many households in rural areas of the Guanzhong region raise livestock, producing large amounts of organic waste that, over time, can cause some degree of groundwater pollution.
1.2 Industrial Pollution
1.2.1 Pollution from Industrial Waste and Wastewater
Industrial production generates large amounts of garbage containing various chemicals, which are typically stored outdoors or simply buried. Harmful substances in the garbage infiltrate the ground through surface runoff and rainwater. More seriously, some industrial processes discharge large quantities of wastewater containing toxic and harmful elements, much of which enters sewers, rivers, or ditches without physical or chemical treatment.
1.2.2 Pollution from Mining Production and Petroleum
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