Commonly used detergents can be classified in different ways. For example, according to their chemical composition, they can be divided into inorganic chemical detergents and organic chemical detergents [2]; according to the possible effects of some detergents on different dirt or two or more effects on the same kind of dirt, they should be classified according to their important effects under normal circumstances. Air conditioning fluorination.
1. Water and non-aqueous solvents
The solvent for dirt refers to those substances that can strip off the dirt of the cleaning object in the form of dissolution or dispersion without generating stable new substances with definite chemical composition. It includes water and non-aqueous solvents.
(1) Water: Water is the most important solvent that exists in nature. In industrial cleaning, water is both the solvent for most chemical detergents and the solvent for many kinds of dirt. In cleaning, wherever dirt can be removed with water, non-aqueous solvents and various additives should not be used.
(2) Non-aqueous solvents: Non-aqueous solvents include hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones, esters, phenols and their mixtures. They are mainly used to dissolve organic dirt such as oil dirt and certain organic compound dirt.
2. Surfactants
Its molecules simultaneously have hydrophilic polar groups and lipophilic non-polar groups. When a small amount is added, it can greatly reduce the surface tension and liquid interface tension of the solvent (usually water), and has lubricating, solubilizing, emulsifying, dispersing and washing effects.
Surfactants have multiple classification methods. Widely based on its ionization state in the solvent and the type of hydrophilic group ions. The most commonly used are anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, and non-ionic surfactants, etc. The first three are ionic surfactants. Beijing cleaning service.
Surfactants have wide applications in family life and industrial production cleaning.
3. Acid-base detergents
With the help of acid-base reactions with dirt (sometimes accompanied by oxidation-reduction reactions), the dirt is converted into substances that can be dissolved or dispersed in the cleaning agent, mostly organic acids, inorganic acids, alkalis, and salts that are acidic or alkaline after hydrolysis.
Most acid-base detergents consist of water solutions of acids and alkalis with necessary additives. Another type is acids or alkalis that interact with dirt in a molten state under high temperature conditions, converting dirt that is originally insoluble or difficult to dissolve in the cleaning medium into easily soluble compounds. These acids and alkalis are usually called fluxes. This kind of detergent has good results when it is difficult to remove dirt with solvents or solutions.
4. Oxidation-reduction agents
Preparations that eliminate dirt by means of oxidation-reduction reactions with dirt are cleaning oxidants or reductants, including fluxes.
Oxidants are used to eliminate reducing dirt, such as many organic dirt. Reducing agents are used to clean oxidizing dirt, such as rust.
5. Metal ion chelating agents
By means of coordination reactions with metal ions in dirt, the dirt is converted into chelates that are easily soluble in the detergent, and this detergent or additive is called a chelating agent. It is often used in the cleaning of rust and inorganic salt dirt.
6. Adsorbents
Substances that clear dirt through physical adsorption or chemical adsorption of dirt are cleaning adsorbents. Adsorbents with strong affinity for dirt should be selected for cleaning. Membrane cleaning scale inhibitor scale inhibitor