(RPR) screening (+)
HIV test (+)
ToRCH serum test (+)
Urine ketone test (+)
"Hepatitis B" serum test (+)
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the Treponema Pallidum (TP), also known as the syphilis spirochete. Pregnant women with syphilis can transmit the disease to the fetus through the placenta. Early stages of the infection can lead to fetal miscarriage or premature birth, while late-stage infections can result in congenital syphilis for surviving fetuses. RPR testing is a simple screening method used to detect syphilis in pregnant women. However, a positive result only indicates the presence of anti-TP antibodies in the tested sample and cannot be considered absolute evidence that the pregnant woman has been infected with the syphilis spirochete. Further testing is required for confirmation.
ToRCH refers to a group of pathogens that can cause perinatal fetal infections. "To" stands for Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis), "R" for Rubivirus (rubella virus), "C" for Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and "H" for Herpesvirus hominis (human herpesvirus). When these pathogens infect pregnant women early in pregnancy, they often lead to intrauterine fetal infections, causing miscarriages, premature births, stillbirths, and congenital malformations, with severe consequences. Therefore, if a pregnant woman finds that her test result is (+), she should immediately consult a doctor to discuss the appropriate course of action.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (+)
Blood type RH (+)
Urine protein test (+)
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a prokaryotic organism that specifically parasitizes within cells. Urinary and genital tract CT infections can lead to various diseases in pregnant women, along with serious sequelae and complications. If a pregnant woman experiences intrauterine infections due to CT, it may result in miscarriage, premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, stillbirth, and neonatal infections. Therefore, pregnant women should actively prevent chlamydial infections during pregnancy.
In normal individuals, there is only a small amount of protein in the urine, which is undetectable by routine qualitative tests. When the routine qualitative method yields a positive result, it is referred to as proteinuria. The increase in proteinuria during pregnancy is often caused by various primary or secondary diseases, and the number of (+) signs reflects the severity of the condition in pregnant women.
Upon conception, a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced, which helps maintain the pregnancy. This hormone can typically be detected in a woman's urine about 10 days after conception. If this hormone is detected in the urine, it is termed a positive test, indicating that the woman is either pregnant or suffering from a pregnancy-related condition.
Chlamydia infection (+)
Specific explanation of (+) in prenatal examination
Urine pregnancy test (+)
Mycoplasma is the smallest non-parasitic microorganism widely present in nature. It is often a significant cause of non-gonococcal urethritis and is closely related to bacterial vaginosis and salpingitis in women. It is also associated with pregnancy complications such as chorioamnionitis, miscarriage, preterm birth, and low birth weight babies. Therefore, women should seek treatment as soon as they discover they have this condition to avoid endangering the baby during pregnancy.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) hepatitis is one of the most harmful types of viral hepatitis confirmed so far. Asymptomatic carriers with positive HBsAg in their blood are the primary source of HBV transmission. Pregnant women carrying HBV can directly transmit HBV to their babies through mother-to-child vertical transmission, significantly impacting the baby's intrauterine safety and future life. Therefore, pregnant women and their families should pay close attention to this issue.
Normal individuals have only trace amounts of glucose (physiological glucosuria) in their urine, and routine urine glucose qualitative tests are negative. Excessive excretion of glucose in the urine is mainly due to high blood glucose levels in pregnant women and reduced ability of the renal tubules to reabsorb glucose. Gestational diabetes is a disease that can harm both pregnant women and fetuses. The amount of urinary glucose can reflect the renal tubule's ability to reabsorb glucose in pregnant women and the severity of the disease.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a special protein - glycoprotein - produced by fetal liver cells. It is a normal component of fetal serum. Measuring the AFP content in maternal serum and amniotic fluid can help observe fetal development and early detection of fetal malformations. Testing the AFP content in amniotic fluid can also assist in the prenatal diagnosis of certain congenital diseases.
Urine glucose test (+)
Human blood types include the ABO blood type system and the RH blood type system. Most pregnant women in China have RH(+) blood type, while RH-negative individuals are very rare, medically referred to as "RH-negative blood." According to relevant data, RH-positive blood types account for approximately 99.7% of the Han Chinese population and most ethnic groups in China, while some minority groups have about 90%. In China, only 0.3% of people are RH-negative, making it extremely rare. Pregnancy and childbirth for RH-negative mothers are more dangerous than for other mothers, primarily because there are too few people who can provide compatible blood in emergencies, putting these mothers at risk. Therefore, if a pregnant woman knows she has RH-negative blood, she should enter the hospital in advance during delivery and preferably choose a large hospital that can provide RH-negative blood. Upon admission, she should immediately inform the doctor of her special blood type so that the doctor can prepare in advance in case of urgent need.
Ketones refer to acetoacetic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone. Ketones are intermediate products of fat metabolism in the body. In normal individuals, the ketone content in urine is extremely low, and the qualitative test is negative. However, during early pregnancy, when nausea and vomiting prevent a pregnant woman from eating properly, it can disrupt sugar metabolism, leading to increased fat breakdown, resulting in ketonemia and subsequently ketonuria. The number of (+) signs in urine ketones indicates the degree of fat consumption due to vomiting and inability to eat, reflecting the severity of the pregnant woman's condition and aiding doctors in timely treatment.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, commonly known as AIDS. This disease spreads rapidly, with extremely high mortality rates for both pregnant women and babies, and currently lacks safe and effective treatments or vaccines.
Mycoplasma infection test (+)