Clinical Manifestations of Children with Stone Disease
(1) Unexplained crying, especially during urination, may be accompanied by vomiting;
(2) Gross or microscopic hematuria;
(3) Acute obstructive renal failure, manifested as oliguria or anuria;
(4) Stones can be passed in the urine; for male infants, urethral obstruction by stones can cause dysuria and difficulty in urination;
(5) Hypertension, edema, and tenderness on percussion over the renal area may occur.
Key Points for Diagnosis
(1) History of being fed Sanlu brand infant formula.
(2) One or more of the aforementioned clinical manifestations.
(3) Laboratory tests: Urinalysis (gross or microscopic hematuria), blood biochemistry, liver and kidney function, urinary calcium/urinary creatinine ratio (usually normal), morphology of urinary red blood cells (non-glomerular source hematuria), parathyroid hormone measurement (usually normal).
(4) Imaging studies: Ultrasonography of the urinary system is preferred. If necessary, perform non-contrast abdominal CT and intravenous urography (contraindicated in cases of anuria or renal failure). If conditions permit, renal radionuclide scanning can be used to assess individual kidney function.
Treatment of Children with Stone Disease