1. Periarticular Ligament Injury: The stability of knee ligaments is relatively poor when the knee joint is slightly bent. If at this time it suddenly experiences external force causing eversion or inversion, it may lead to injuries of the medial or lateral collateral ligaments. Patients will have a clear history of trauma, with symptoms including knee pain, swelling, bruising, and restricted movement.
2. Cartilage Injury: Primarily referring to meniscus injuries in the knee joint. When the knee joint is slightly bent, if there is sudden excessive internal rotation or external rotation (for example, kicking a football with a bent leg while turning), it may cause a meniscus tear. Meniscus injury often brings a distinct tearing sensation in the knee, followed by joint pain, restricted activity, limping, and a clicking sound during joint movement.
3. Synovitis: Due to trauma or excessive strain, the synovium can be damaged, leading to an accumulation of fluid that increases pressure within the joint. This results in joint pain, swelling, tenderness, and a friction-like rough sound. For instance, when the knee joint is actively hyperextended, especially with some resistance during knee extension, pain under the patella intensifies. Pain also significantly worsens during passive extreme flexion.
4. Autoimmune System Diseases: Autoimmune diseases such as lupus and psoriasis can also affect joints, causing swelling and pain. Blood tests are required to assist in diagnosis.
5. Growing Pains in Children: These patients are primarily children in their growth phase, more commonly boys. Pain typically occurs in the knee and hip joints. This condition is a normal physiological phenomenon during childhood growth and development. Since bones grow relatively quickly during this stage, the mismatch between bone growth and muscle development leads to discomfort and joint pain. Some believe that this pain is caused by low-toxicity infections.
6. Traumatic Joint Pain: Due to accidents or incidents, joints such as shoulders, wrists, knees, and ankles may experience external injuries (such as soft tissue damage, dislocations) without fractures, resulting in joint pain.
7. Pyogenic Arthritis: A history of infection elsewhere in the body or local trauma might exist. The affected joint can swell, though deep-seated cases may not be obvious. Symptoms include elevated body temperature, joint pain, inability to move, and increased white blood cell count.
8. Osteoarthritis: The onset age for osteoarthritis is mostly after 40 years old. Joint pain tends to be worse in the morning, easing during the day and night. Bone spurs and osteophytes rubbing against surrounding tissues can cause joint pain.
9. Osteoporosis: Elderly women may experience pain in multiple joints throughout the body, feeling particularly weak and unable to walk under weight-bearing conditions. If other diseases are excluded, they may have osteoporosis.
10. Rheumatoid and Rheumatic Arthritis: More common in females aged 20-45. Rheumatic arthritis often presents as migratory pain (uncertain location), with pain, swelling, and stiffness mainly occurring in the wrist area. Joint sensitivity, swelling, and pain occur simultaneously, and the disease affects symmetrically (e.g., both wrists, both knees).
11. Gouty Arthritis: Gout pain commonly occurs in the big toe and the first metatarsophalangeal joint (outer side of the big toe). It is mainly triggered by consuming seafood and alcohol, which induces purine metabolic disorders. During the acute phase, patients experience significant local redness and severe pain, making it unbearable; during the chronic phase, patients may experience pain and joint deformities.
12. Pain Caused by Strain: Due to relatively high activity levels in joint areas, muscles and other soft tissues around the joint may suffer from strain, leading to pain. Common examples include periarthritis of the shoulder and tennis elbow.
13. Tumor-Induced Pain: Local tumors in the joint area are also one of the important factors causing joint pain, more commonly seen in children during the growth and development phase and elderly people. If joint swelling and pain occur, with nighttime pain being more severe than daytime, ineffective use of analgesics, and no reasonable explanation available, further examination at a hospital should be conducted to rule out joint tumors.
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