Chlamydia infection (+)
Mycoplasma is the smallest non-parasitic microorganism widely existing in nature. It is often an important cause of non-gonococcal urethritis and is closely related to bacterial vaginosis and salpingitis in women, as well as complications during pregnancy such as chorioamnionitis, miscarriage, preterm birth, and low birth weight infants. Therefore, women should seek early treatment once they discover they have this disease to avoid endangering the baby inside the womb during pregnancy.
When a mother conceives, a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced. Its function is to maintain the pregnancy. This hormone can usually be detected in a woman's urine about 10 days after conception. If this hormone is found in the urine, it is referred to as a positive test (+), indicating that the woman is pregnant or has a condition related to pregnancy, including surrogacy.
Syphilis is a type of sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum (TP), also known as the syphilis spirochete. Pregnant women with syphilis can transmit the disease to the fetus through the placenta, leading to fetal miscarriage or premature birth in the early stages, and live-born infants may suffer from congenital syphilis in the later stages. RPR testing is a simple screening method used to check if pregnant women have syphilis. However, a positive result only indicates the presence of anti-TP antibodies in the tested sample and cannot serve as absolute evidence that the pregnant woman has been infected with the syphilis spirochete. Further testing is needed for confirmation.
Glycosuria (+)
Specific explanations of (+) in prenatal examination tests:
"Hepatitis B" serum detection (+)
Ketone body test (+)
ToRCH serum detection (+)
Proteinuria test (+)
Ketone bodies are the general term for acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone. They are intermediate products of fat metabolism in the body. In normal people, the amount of ketone bodies in urine is extremely small, and qualitative tests are negative. However, during early pregnancy, when nausea and vomiting are severe and food intake is difficult, sugar metabolism disorders may occur, leading to increased fat breakdown, resulting in ketonemia and eventually ketonuria. The number of (+) signs in urine ketone bodies indicates the degree of fat consumption due to vomiting and inability to eat, reflecting the severity of the pregnant woman's condition and helping doctors provide timely treatment.
Pregnancy urine test (+)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced hepatitis is one of the most harmful types of viral hepatitis confirmed so far. Asymptomatic carriers with positive HBsAg in their blood are the main source of HBV transmission. Carriers of HBV can directly transmit HBV to the fetus through intrauterine mother-to-child vertical transmission, severely affecting the safety of the fetus in the womb and the rest of its life. Therefore, high attention should be paid by both pregnant women and their families.
Blood type RH (+)
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (+)
In normal people, there is only a small amount of protein in the urine, which cannot be detected by routine qualitative tests. When the routine qualitative method shows a positive result, it is called proteinuria. The increase in proteinuria during pregnancy is often caused by various primary or secondary diseases, and the number of (+) symbols reflects the severity of the pregnant woman's condition.
Human blood types include the ABO blood type system and the RH blood type system. Most pregnant women in China are RH (+) blood type, while RH-negative individuals are very rare, medically referred to as "RH-negative blood." According to relevant data, RH-positive blood types account for about 99.7% of the Han population and most ethnic groups in China, while some minorities account for about 90%. Only 0.3% of people in China are RH-negative, making it extremely rare. Pregnancy and childbirth for RH-negative pregnant women are more dangerous than for others, mainly because there are too few people who can provide the same blood type in emergencies. Therefore, RH-negative pregnant women should be hospitalized in advance during delivery and choose large hospitals capable of providing RH-negative blood sources. Upon admission, they should immediately inform the doctor of their special blood type so that the doctor can prepare early in case of urgent need.
Alpha-fetoprotein is a special protein - glycoprotein - produced by fetal liver cells. It is a normal component of fetal serum. Measuring the AFP content in maternal serum and amniotic fluid can help observe fetal development and detect fetal malformations early. Detecting AFP content in amniotic fluid can also assist in diagnosing certain congenital diseases before birth.
(RPR) screening (+)
Mycoplasma infection test (+)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, commonly known as AIDS. This disease spreads rapidly, with extremely high mortality rates for both pregnant women and babies. Currently, there are no safe and effective treatments or vaccines available.
ToRCH refers to a group of pathogens causing perinatal fetal infections. "To" stands for Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis), "R" for Rubivirus (rubella virus), "C" for Cytomegalovirus (cytomegalovirus), and "H" for Herpesvirus hominis (human herpesvirus). Infection with these pathogens during early pregnancy often leads to fetal infection, causing miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, and malformations, with serious consequences. Therefore, pregnant women should immediately consult a doctor if their test results are (+).
HIV test (+)
Normal urine contains only trace amounts of glucose (physiological glycosuria), and routine glycosuria qualitative tests are also negative. Excessive glucose excretion in urine is mainly due to excessively high blood glucose concentration in pregnant women and reduced ability of renal tubules to reabsorb glucose. Gestational diabetes is a disease that can harm both pregnant women and fetuses. The amount of glycosuria can reflect the ability of pregnant women's renal tubules to reabsorb glucose and the severity of the disease.
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a prokaryotic organism that specifically parasitizes within cells. Urogenital tract CT infection can lead to multiple diseases in pregnant women, with serious sequelae and complications. When pregnant women are infected with CT and develop intrauterine infections, conditions such as miscarriage, premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, stillbirth, and neonatal infections may occur. Therefore, pregnant women should actively prevent being infected with chlamydia during pregnancy.