In the urine of ordinary people, there is only a small amount of protein, which cannot be detected by routine qualitative tests. When the routine qualitative method shows a positive result, it is called proteinuria. The increase in proteinuria during pregnancy is often caused by various primary or secondary diseases, and the number of (+) symbols reflects the severity of the expectant mother's condition.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, commonly known as AIDS. This disease spreads rapidly, and the mortality rate for expectant mothers and babies is extremely high. Currently, there is still a lack of safe and effective treatment methods and safety vaccines.
Ketone bodies are the general term for acetoacetic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone. Ketone bodies are intermediate products of fat metabolism in the body. In ordinary people, the content of ketone bodies in urine is extremely low, and qualitative tests are negative. However, when expectant mothers have severe early pregnancy reactions and cannot eat, it often leads to disorders in sugar metabolism, increased fat breakdown, and the appearance of ketoacidosis, followed by ketonuria. The number of (+) signs in urine ketone bodies indicates the degree of fat consumption in the expectant mother due to vomiting and inability to eat, reflecting the severity of the expectant mother's condition, which helps doctors provide timely treatment.
Mycoplasma infection test (+)
Type B viral (HBV) hepatitis is the most harmful type of viral hepatitis confirmed so far, posing a serious threat to human health. Blood HBsAg-positive asymptomatic carriers are the main source of HBV transmission. Expectant mothers carrying HBV can directly transmit HBV to the fetus through intrauterine mother-to-child vertical transmission, which has serious effects on the intrauterine safety of the baby and its future life. Therefore, it should be highly valued by expectant mothers and their families.
After conception, a hormone is produced, called chorionic gonadotropin. Its function is to maintain pregnancy. This hormone can generally be detected in the urine of women about 10 days after conception. If this hormone is found in the urine, it is called test (+), indicating that the woman is pregnant or suffering from a disease related to pregnancy.
Specific explanation of (+) in prenatal examination
Urine protein test (+)
Syphilis belongs to a sexually transmitted disease, with the pathogen being Treponema pallidum (TP), also known as syphilis spirochete. Pregnant women with syphilis can transmit the disease to the fetus through the placenta. Early-stage syphilis can lead to fetal abortion and premature birth, while late-stage infections can cause live-born fetuses to suffer from congenital syphilis. RPR testing is a simple screening method used to check whether pregnant women have syphilis. However, a positive test only indicates the presence of anti-TP antibodies in the tested sample and cannot be considered absolute evidence that the pregnant woman has been infected with the syphilis spirochete. Further tests are needed to confirm.
ToRCH serum test (+)
There is only a trace amount of glucose (physiological glycosuria) in the urine of ordinary people, and routine urine glucose qualitative tests are also negative. Excessive excretion of glucose in urine is mainly due to excessively high blood glucose levels in pregnant women and reduced ability of renal tubules to reabsorb glucose. Gestational diabetes is a disease that can harm both pregnant women and fetuses. The amount of glycosuria can reflect the ability of renal tubules in pregnant women to reabsorb glucose and the severity of the disease.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (+)
Blood type RH (+)
Urine pregnancy test (+)
Mycoplasma is the smallest non-parasitic microorganism widely existing in nature. It is often an important cause of non-gonococcal urethritis and is closely related to bacterial vaginosis, salpingitis, and other conditions in women. It is also related to complications during pregnancy such as chorioamnionitis, abortion, premature birth, and low birth weight infants. Therefore, once a woman discovers she has this disease, she should seek early treatment to avoid endangering the baby in her womb during pregnancy.
Urine ketone body test (+)
Human blood types include the ABO blood type system and the RH blood type system. Most expectant mothers in China are RH (+) blood type, while RH-negative individuals are very rare, medically referred to as "RH-negative blood." According to relevant data, Rh-positive blood types account for approximately 99.7% of Han Chinese and most ethnic groups in China, while some minority groups are around 90%. Only 0.3% of people in China belong to the RH factor-negative group, making it very rare. Pregnancy and childbirth for RH-negative expectant mothers are more dangerous than for others, mainly because there are too few people who can provide the same blood type in emergencies, placing these expectant mothers at risk. Therefore, if an expectant mother knows she has RH-negative blood, she should enter the hospital in advance during childbirth and choose a large hospital capable of providing RH-negative blood sources for delivery. After entering the hospital, she should immediately inform the doctor of her special blood type so that the doctor can prepare in advance in case of urgent need.
Chlamydia infection (+)
"HBV" serum test (+)
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a prokaryotic organism that specifically parasitizes within cells. Urinary-genital CT infection can lead to various diseases in pregnant women and has serious sequelae and complications. When pregnant women are infected with CT and develop intrauterine infections, it can result in miscarriage, premature rupture of membranes, premature birth, stillbirth, and neonatal infections. Therefore, pregnant women should actively prevent chlamydia infections during pregnancy.
Alpha-fetoprotein is a special protein produced by fetal liver cells - glycoprotein. It is a normal component of fetal serum. Measuring the AFP content in maternal serum and amniotic fluid can help observe fetal development and detect fetal malformations early. Detecting AFP content in amniotic fluid also aids in the prenatal diagnosis of certain congenital diseases.
HIV test (+)
ToRCH refers to a group of pathogens that can cause fetal infections during the perinatal period. "To" stands for Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis), "R" for Rubivirus (rubella virus), "C" for Cytomegalovirus (cytomegalovirus), and "H" for Herpesvirus hominis (human herpesvirus). When this group of pathogens infects pregnant women in early pregnancy, it often leads to intrauterine fetal infections, causing miscarriages, premature births, stillbirths, malformations, and other serious consequences. Therefore, if pregnant women find that this test is (+), they should immediately consult a doctor to discuss handling methods.
(RPR) screening (+)