A total of 150 million people died in the war, which only occurred in the 20th century, 100 years, two world wars, caused the death of nearly 90 million people. People of all countries suffering from the catastrophe of war, longing for peace, and look forward to development. However, in today’s world is not peaceful, power politics is still rampant violence to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, bullying, the law of the jungle happened frequently, the smoke of a local war is far from being cleared. Expert statistical analysis only 20% of the population under the direct casualties in modern warfare, artillery, and indirect casualties under secondary disasters accounted for 80%. Thus, to enhance citizens’ sense of self-help and protection and effective measures to win the life. To this end, our special ed May this knowledge can bring security.
How to identify the air defense warning signals? Audio alert signal of air defense, there are three, namely, early warning, air raid sirens and disarm the alarm, and urban air defense and command decisions to issue by the state’s unified regulations. Early warning: pre-tell the people the enemy is about to air raids the city requirements are ready to air defense. Provisions audio signal Ming 36 seconds, 24 seconds off, repeated three times for a period of time of three minutes. Air raid sirens: that weapons of enemy air raids have been close to the city, the air raid is about to begin, to warn people quickly hidden. Require 6 seconds of audio signal Ming stopped 6 seconds, repeat 15 times for a period of time of three minutes. Disarm the alarm: to show that the enemy air strike has ended, and other threats of the enemy air strike weapons. Provisions audio signal for a long tone, the time of three minutes. Hear the air raid sirens how to act? When you hear the early warning, to immediately cut off the current, turn off the gas and extinguished the fire, close the doors and windows, to carry has been prepared in advance essential items of personal protection, leaving the housing, headed for civil air defense projects masking. When you hear the air raid sirens, nearby to enter the hidden civil air defense projects, too late to enter the staff of the civil air defense projects, leave your home, wear personal protective equipment, the use of the topography in the vicinity evacuations and sheltering. The hear disarm the alarm, the public should cooperate with the fire-fighting, rescue and clean up the ruins of the aftermath of air raids, to understand the Note disarm the alarm after the personnel action, such as which way can not walk, what kind of food, drinking water can not eat, etc., and do a good job again, the preparation of air defense operations.
Essential items of personal protective What are the main? The: (1) class of documents: identity card, student card, work permit, letter of credit, insurance, cash, etc.; (2) diet class: food and essential simple tableware to give priority to bring baby food, a small amount of water and water purification agents and drinking water disinfectants (two days dosage). (3) apparel: personal clothes and simple respiratory and skin protective equipment. (4) tools: protective glasses, multi-tool knives. (5) Lighting Equipment: flashlight, candles, matches, batteries, etc.. (6) Cleaning of towels, gauze, toilet paper and plastic bags of supplies. (7) drug class: first-aid medicines, first aid kits, antibiotics, salt, disinfectants, anti-mosquito pharmaceutical, personal special needs medicines and potassium iodide anti-radiation medicines. (8) bedding class: quilts or blankets. (9) survival categories: civil air defense manual, survival guide, family contact and radio. (10). These items into the appropriate package, each member of the family, things should be open-minded, not bigger than shoulder width, and weight of not more than 20 kg. In order to empty out your hands, make the action more convenient, should be adopted in the shoulders back.
To enter the civil air defense projects hidden should pay attention to what matters? Warning orders to a wartime state (1) to maintain calm and obey the city’s air defense command, unified command, a prompt and orderly manner, good protection to prepare. (2) ready to enter the hidden items brought by the civil air defense projects: the airtight storage of non-perishable food and drinking water, individuals commonly used medicines, flashlights can be used as the equipment of personal antivirus. Personal necessities as well as documents. Avoid carrying odorous, inflammable and explosive materials. Into the project package volume is not too large, easy out of the project. (3) to know how a variety of air defense warning signals and their corresponding mobile content, familiar own to be to cover the project’s location, the shortest route leading to the project, as well as civil air defense projects during the day, night identification. (4) After hearing the air raid sirens, the fastest access to the nearby civil air defense projects. The civil air defense projects, to remain calm and obey the organization and command of the civil defense staff, should not have caused confusion and crowded mouth of the project, to enter in order to influence the pace of construction. (5) in the civil air defense projects, non-use of fire, not smoking, drinking less, not defecation, dietary residues, refuse to focus on the closed store. (6) to be shielded quiet sitting, lying, less activity, not slapstick, maintain their strength, reducing the oxygen consumption within the project. Do not tamper with a variety of devices in the works. When part of the project collapsed, the leakage of drugs, and other unforeseen circumstances, (7) to be the shelter staff to make use of simple protective equipment for personal protection and obey the command, the orderly transfer or isolation protection work must not be rise to confusion. Before the lifting of the air raid sirens in (8), until shelter personnel shall not open the door to leave the project, to prevent the surrounding pollution of air and radioactive substances are brought into the project. To prevent the lifting of the alert, suddenly owned the civil air defense projects, resulting in confusion and congestion.
Posted a note, how in the glass doors and windows face? Posted a note on the glass, mainly in order to prevent the bomb exploded, shattered glass damage. Posted note, however, is not just a Luantie all, there is still a little knowledge. (1) in the paper of choice, use a soft, thick paper, such as tissue paper, sorghum, paper and so on. (2) paper width is generally in two or three centimeters, the length, respectively, to be able to include the door frames around the upper and lower. (3) Post, a note should be uniform all coated with a paste, each of the two ends attached to the window frame, into the , how to protect nuclear weapons? (1) civil air defense projects to the protection of various destruction factors of civil air defense projects deep into the ground, with the resistance of high anti-nuclear, chemical and biological weapons capabilities, a comprehensive, long-term use. As long as nuclear weapons are not a direct hit in engineering is safe. Therefore, the best protective measures for a nuclear attack is to enter the civil air defense projects. In wartime, the use of civil air defense projects to adhere to the life and work. Earthquake, and leakage of toxic sudden accident in peacetime, the cities, the staff can take advantage of the civil air defense projects to do with emergency protective measures. Found that nuclear explosions flash (2) the indoor the protection person in the room should immediately lie down in the inside corner of the wall or the foot of the wall, it is best to kneel lying near the corner under the table or bed can also be in a smaller room or door frame at escape. Masking should be away from glass injuries, after the destruction of factors to be instantaneous, personal protection can be used to prevent radioactive dust contaminated with quick access to the civil air defense projects. When an earthquake occurs, this would also reduce the number of casualties. (3) outdoor the outdoor protection too late to enter the civil air defense projects and other masking places nearby terrain for protection immediately after discovery of nuclear flash. Exposure of personnel protective action essentials: Now back to ground zero to lie down, hands crossed his chest, face folder as far as possible between the arms, elbows reach with your legs straight, and interference with eyes closed, closed, stopped breathing 15 ~ 20 seconds. Nearby terrain and a few steps, such as mounds, low walls, flower beds and other protective lateral burst heart to lie down, trenches, pits, drains terrain protection method is to immediately leap into the pit, kneeling, sitting or Woyu pit, hands and ears, eyes closed, closed to suspend breathing. Protection should be to avoid the tall buildings, power lines, flammable and explosive materials. Instantaneous destruction factors after the easy to respiratory and skin protection, wear gas masks or masks, put on anti-virus cape or raincoat, plastic sheeting, according to the civil air defense instructions to transfer the contaminated geographical or the nearest access to the civil air defense projects masking.
How chemical weapons protection? Heard of chemical attack on signal or discover the enemy cast agents shall promptly wearing gas masks, or use of prior self-made flooding, leaching of alkali the packet soil granule masks, gauze, towels and other simple equipment, First, respiratory protection. Respiratory protection must be completed within 5 to 7 seconds. Timely and proper personal protection at the same time, you should take a variety of alarm to the surrounding personnel. Antivirus prepare personnel in the open air, temporary use of handkerchiefs, scarves, masks, water immersion or dip urine to cover your nose and mouth and put on a raincoat, overcoat, or covered with plastic sheeting, blankets and rags, straw together with the shoe to wrap the foot, quickly upward direction of the wind to leave the exposed area. Skin protection, in addition to wear standard protective clothing can also use the handy equipment for protection. Exposed geographical boots for protection on the legs, can also be bundled in plastic sheeting, canvas or blankets for protection. To the woods of the exposure, raincoats, tarps and other isolation materials can be used on the whole body protection. Conditional can use the how the protection of biological warfare agents? Biological warfare agents, infectious disease ways of inhaled, swallowed, and insect bites. Personal protective methods of biological warfare agents mainly be wearing, bar coating, and service. Wear: wear a gas mask, wear a mask or cover your mouth and nose with a towel, wear gloves, wear a hat, wear plastic clothing, disease prevention clothing, shoes and other. Tie: tied to the collar, cuffs, Kukou. Tu: Apply pest oil or insect repellent on exposed parts of the body, in particular to protect the wound. Service: that is requested to perform efficient, long-term preventive medicine. Enemy use of biological warfare agents, but also make the appropriate vaccinations, and improve immunity.
The how to make a simple protective masks? (1) cotton gauze masks. 100 cm long, 50 cm wide gauze, spread a layer of 30 × 20, 2 cm thick of cotton in the middle, fold up and down both sides of the gauze covered cotton pad. And then cut out from the gauze at both ends of the opening of 30 to 50 cm to form a headband. If necessary, can sew well fixed. Antivirus glasses or sticky transparent plastic film, and then tied fixed in the head. (2) wire frame sealed masks. 22 gauge wire, combined with the shape of the nose and mouth to make a wire ring, remember a good four fixed tie. 8 to 12 layers of towels or 20 to 30 layers of gauze, soaked in a dilute sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution, slightly dry, cheek to add a layer of dry towel or handkerchief, then closed wire frame fastened Department with fixed, you can play an anti-virus effect. (3) towels Department with masks. A wet wrung out of water, 40 to 50 cm wide towels and two one-meter-long rope. Production, the short side of the first towel fold longer fold. Then clip the rope into the four-story towel folded twice into 12 layers, fixed on the bridge of the nose. And squeezed on both sides of the nose, corners folded towel at the top of increasing tightness. Wear good protective masks, it should not leak, and the general running and jumping action, masks can still be fixed. 10, which daily necessities can be a simple protective masks? Made a mask with a scarf, hat, handkerchief, clothing or directly over his nose and mouth, or stockings, middle filler made of a mask, strapping directly in the head can be regarded as the most simple protective equipment. Dense material, the more layers the better. The case of escape from the fire zone, hooded cloak soaked some cooling effect. 11, how to make simple skin protective equipment? Many canvas and fireproof fabric, coating fabric, flannel made overalls, jumpsuits, hooded blouse, a raincoat, cotton coat, etc. can be changed into the simple skin Antivirus equipment. Some data indicate that these materials have a capacity of more than 10 minutes to 1 hour of anti-droplet agents, enough to evacuate the contaminated area, exposed to lots. Make simple skin antivirus equipment to fully play a role in anti-virus, to do the following in the making and wearing points:, (1) chest cardigan and pants cardigan, to widen the 25 cm chest care cloth and 10 cm wide crotch retaining cloth. Dense material made of cloth longer than the actual opening 6 to 7 cm long. (2) the neck, head hood, scarf wrapped around solid. (3) women do not wear skirts, all with trousers. (4) waist boots, long-sleeved glue or leather gloves, a complete set. (5) truss three. The collar stand and neck with a scarf Wai Yan, cuffs at the wrist wrapped in tape, trousers mouth on the outside waist boots and a belt Zhazhu. T-shirt tie waistband. The port truss on the outside and then covered with plastic rain cape. (6) All tape knot should do strong, even if gloves are also easy to untie. Have mentioned, these simple skin protective equipment and simple gas masks with protective one hour. After use, unified under the guidance of civil air defense professionals deal with the destruction of those exposed to simple equipment. 12 , how to protect food and water? Food protection: (1) closed storage, low temperature, moisture, insects, and regular checks of The family closed storeroom nitrogen row storage of oxygen, or vacuum with a plastic storage, ensures that two or three years and never degenerating. (2) is stored in underground engineering, caves, authentic, to avoid the air strike hazards due to toxic effects, the time up to several days to several months. (3) the adhesion of membranous material sealed packaging and double packaging to prevent pollution of air into and infected insects to enter. (4) dense fabric, bag sealing, two ligation packaging. Access cut packaging junction, turn stacked outside the pocket, then untied the within bags knot, to prevent contamination of dust into the bag. (5) cans, glass containers, plastic boxes sealed packaging. All emergency food packaging, are required to do: seal； sub-species classification packaging； pouches. Enough for one person a package or a package, once finished the degree, to avoid repacking； Note the difference between different types of food pollution, such as contaminated food, boiled edible, radioactive contamination of food to take full advantage of the attenuation effect, bag packaging to reduce the wrinkles, cans bottles to be able to wash, multi-layer packaging layered apart； In addition, various types of packaging, should cover 15 to 20 cm hay, then the sheet Gaiyan or complex soil cover up to prevent the liquid poison pollution. Drinking water protection: (1) family of sealed container storage, such as water tanks, buckets, sheet or double membranous materials cover should Jiagai Jia Yan store. When enabled, the first order wipe away the outer layer of dust, then Kaifeng water, guard against water, dust pollution. Domestic boiler seal water in the role. (2) individual drinking water available bottled, canned or sterilized polyethylene plastic bags closed to save. Wipe the bottle when the outer wall of dust, drinking conditions when it is appropriate straw suck. (3) into the water, to be stamped with a 20 cm thick and 1.5 m in diameter mound cover, water well hand pump is also used to package sealing material. Similarly, should also pay attention to the protection of the water, drinking water and living water conservation, drinking water as small as possible packaging. As a long time, water will degenerate, emergency packing of water in the storage period must be frequently changed. 13, how to deal with contamination of food and water? Food and water on the sealed packaging is not damaged, packaging decontamination openings with hot water and decontamination agent decontamination after edible. Contaminated food, the packaging can be used to remove or eliminate beat France’s external packaging. Unpacked by contaminated food, get rid of 2 to 3 cm thick contaminated layer, then water washing 2 or 3 times, the clearance rate of more than 90%. Contaminated food and packaging, not abandonment, to make signs, and to avoid eating； exposed to the food, but also to concentrate the pollutants and can be washed, but the contamination of vegetables, fruits and The peeled methods to eliminate contamination after eating. Of course, all decontamination personnel must have personal protective measures. Water is contaminated, generally do not re-use, must be used when the filtration method can be used adsorption settlement law or professional water purification device to purify, purification method can be applied to soil conditions. Rivers, lakes and other water pollution, water treatment wells dug in the 5 to 10 meters from the shore, so that the water sand soil infiltration to the well, access to well water. No matter what method of purification, and must have passed the test the rear edible. Detection means, you can find the spring, the water use of the flow of the water source, drinking should be boiled for more than 15 minutes. 14 nuclear power plants is a major accident, how do? (1) hear the alarm, outdoor personnel should enter the room, as soon as possible and allowed to go out. (2) close the doors and windows, turn on the radio, TV, pay attention to the accident the dynamic (3) if the distribution of medication, medication should not to eat, and do not eat. (4) the need to evacuate, stay calm and carry the appropriate amount will be supplies, organized, orderly evacuated to designated locations. 15 chemical incidents of toxic and hazardous gas leak how to do? (1) in the event of chemical accidents and quickly using a variety of equipment to protect themselves. In gas masks, wet mask, wet towels to protect the airway； raincoats, gloves, boots to protect the skin； antivirus glasses, swimming, diving glasses, open transparent plastic bag to protect the eyes. (2) less than the scene of the accident onlookers, shall be promptly transferred sideways upwind direction. Conditional access to the canisters ventilation facilities for civil air defense projects. Too late to evacuate (3) should be in the good structure of buildings, turn off the windows and doors, ventilators, air conditioners, turn off, and plugged a significant gap, as far as possible hiding leeward doors and windows, telephone and other means sent out a distress signal. (4) to leave the exposed area to take off contaminated clothing, and timely decontamination, if necessary, go to the hospital for examination. 16, fled the scene of the fire 10 points Fire is an ultimate type of disaster, either air strikes or other disaster, and finally may result in fire. Ten points to pay attention to the fire escape: (1) will choose a few different directions of escape routes； (2) to escape the fireworks, but not to the attic, the bed the end of the wardrobe drill； (3) the fire is not to act decisively to put on wet clothes or wrapped in wet blankets and wet bedding to go out bravely, but do not draped plastic raincoat； (4) do not stick to property, as soon as possible to escape the fire, keep that in mind, Now that escape will never go back to running； (5) in the smoke evacuation, to try to lower body, and with a wet towel over his nose and mouth； (6) If the body is on fire, do not run to place roll pressure off the body flames； (7) Do not blindly jumping can be used ropes or sheets torn into strips to put together, tightly tied to the doors and windows file or heavy objects on homeopathic slide down； (8) make full use of the skylight of the room, balcony, downspouts or bamboo escape self； upstairs residents of (9) fire siege, throwing sofa cushions, pillows and other soft material, or other small items faster throw to the outside, at night you can fight flashlight, issued a distress signal； (10) If the escape route by the fire blockade immediately returned indoors, close windows and doors, to block the gap, conditional to the doors and windows on the water. 17 , personnel rubble burying how to help themselves? (1) buried pressure staff to have confidence and courage, to clean up the pressure on the body of the object as soon as possible, try to danger zone. (2) are not able to escape, to try to expand the safe space to prevent heavy objects falling pressure body. (3) keep the airway open and prevent dust can cause choking, available handkerchiefs, clothes and cover your nose and mouth. (4) to maintain the physical, do not be impatient, do not blindly shouting available percussion with the outside world. (5) actively looking for alternative food and water, as much as possible to prolong life. 18, to rescue the buried pressure should be aware of what? (1) pay attention to listen to the buried pressure staff cries, moans,and his body inexplicably wet messy, percussion, roughly determine the location of buried pressure. Rescue (2) as soon as possible to expose the head buried pressure, clear the nose and mouth within the dust, and then exposed to the other parts, do not pull hard drag, to prevent new damage. (3) mining, be careful, try to avoid the weapon accidentally injure a small, lightweight tool.