The research progress on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistance involves the activity of tong glycosides. For instance, reports indicate that epidemic MRSA strains lead to a distribution pattern characterized by a high degree of condensation in enzyme products and low A protein product variation within the strain, which facilitates host infection for continued existence and exchange, as well as providing opportunities for genetic material transfer among resistant strains upon exposure to selective pressures. Weinstein et al., studying the same hospital environment, found identical plasmids in both Staphylococcus epidermidis and resistant GPB clinical isolates. Locksley et al. reported an MRSA outbreak where a specific patient could act as a continuous source of infection spreading to others. Long-term epidemiological studies confirm that antibiotic use poses a higher resistance risk compared to short-term treatments or prevention.
Moreover, recent advancements have introduced new antibiotics, including many broad-spectrum ones. These broad-spectrum antibiotics increase selective pressure on a greater number and variety of bacteria, thus accelerating bacterial resistance in hospitals. Studies conducted by Du revealed that prior antibiotic usage history is a risk factor for drug resistance in MRSA. For a particular bacterium, prolonged use of certain antibiotics may cause it to generate various drug-resistant plasmids or induce multiple chromosomal mutations. Only strains with a selective advantage can lead to the spread of drug resistance. Furthermore, insufficient therapeutic doses of antibiotics can only kill some bacteria while allowing others to survive, increasing selective pressure on bacteria and potentially making these strains resistant to the antibiotics used. Inappropriate therapeutic choices might eliminate most sensitive strains but create ample living space for a very small portion of resistant strains to proliferate significantly. Therefore, studying the rational use of antibiotics is crucial in addressing bacterial resistance.
Additionally, technological and socio-economic changes promote the generation and dissemination of drug-resistant strains. The tremendous development in transportation and tourism has facilitated the movement of sensitive or drug-resistant strains from one area to another through various modes of transport and transmission methods. Moreover, unsanitary and unsafe environmental conditions are also significant factors contributing to the spread of drug-resistant bacteria.
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