Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a special protein produced by fetal liver cells - a glycoprotein. It is a normal component of fetal serum. Measuring the AFP content in pregnant women's serum and amniotic fluid can help observe the development of the fetus and detect fetal malformations early. Testing the AFP content in the amniotic fluid also aids in prenatal diagnosis of certain congenital diseases.
The urine pregnancy test (+)
ToRCH refers to a group of pathogens that cause perinatal fetal infections, represented by the initials of their English names: "To" for Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis), "R" for Rubivirus (rubella virus), "C" for Cytomegalovirus (cytomegalovirus), and "H" for Herpesvirus hominis (human herpesvirus). When these pathogens infect expectant mothers during early pregnancy, they often lead to intrauterine infection in babies, causing miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, or malformation, with serious consequences. Therefore, if an expectant mother finds her test result is (+), she should immediately consult a doctor for advice on how to proceed.
ToRCH serum testing (+)
Mycoplasma infection test (+)
After conception, the body produces a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which functions to maintain pregnancy. This hormone can generally be detected in a woman’s urine about 10 days after conception. If this hormone is found in the urine, it is referred to as a positive test (+), indicating that the woman is either pregnant or has a condition related to pregnancy.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum (TP), also known as the syphilis spirochete. Pregnant women with syphilis can transmit the disease to the fetus through the placenta, leading to miscarriage, premature birth, or late-stage infected live births resulting in congenital syphilis. The RPR test is a simple screening method used to check for syphilis in pregnant women. However, a positive test only indicates the presence of anti-TP antibodies in the sample and cannot serve as absolute evidence that the pregnant woman has been infected with the syphilis spirochete; further tests are required for confirmation.
B-type viral hepatitis (HBV) is one of the most harmful types of viral hepatitis confirmed so far. Asymptomatic carriers with positive HBsAg in their blood are the main source of HBV transmission. Pregnant women carrying HBV can directly transmit HBV to the fetus via vertical mother-to-child transmission within the uterus, severely affecting the baby's intrauterine safety and future life. Therefore, pregnant women and their families should pay high attention to this issue.
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a prokaryotic organism that specifically parasitizes within cells. Urinary-genital tract CT infections can lead to various diseases in pregnant women, with severe sequelae and complications. Intrauterine infections caused by CT in pregnant women can result in miscarriage, premature rupture of membranes, premature birth, stillbirth, neonatal infection, etc. Therefore, pregnant women should actively prevent chlamydia infections during pregnancy.
HIV test (+)
"Hepatitis B" serum test (+)
Urine protein test (+)
Blood type RH (+)
Human blood types include the ABO blood type system and the RH blood type system. Most pregnant women in China have RH (+) blood type, while RH negative individuals are very rare, medically referred to as "RH negative blood." According to relevant data, Rh-positive blood types account for about 99.7% among Han Chinese and most ethnic groups in China, and around 90% in some minority groups. Only 0.3% of people in China belong to the RH factor-negative category, making it extremely rare. Pregnancy and delivery for RH-negative pregnant women are more dangerous compared to other mothers, mainly due to the scarcity of available blood donors in emergencies. To ensure safety, RH-negative pregnant women should be admitted to the hospital in advance during delivery and choose larger hospitals capable of providing RH-negative blood sources. Upon admission, they should immediately inform the doctors of their special blood type so that the doctors can prepare accordingly in case of urgent need.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (+)
Mycoplasma is the smallest non-parasitic microorganism widely present in nature. It is a significant cause of non-gonococcal urethritis and is closely related to bacterial vaginosis and salpingitis in women, as well as complications during pregnancy such as chorioamnionitis, miscarriage, premature birth, and low birth weight infants. Therefore, women who discover they have this condition should seek treatment early to avoid endangering the baby in the womb during pregnancy.
Urine sugar test (+)
Ordinary people only have trace amounts of glucose (physiological urinary glucose) in their urine, and routine urine glucose qualitative tests are usually negative. Excessive excretion of glucose in urine is mainly due to excessively high blood glucose concentration in pregnant women and reduced ability of renal tubules to reabsorb glucose. Gestational diabetes is a disease that can harm both pregnant women and fetuses. The amount of urinary glucose reflects the renal tubular reabsorption capacity of glucose in pregnant women and the severity of the disease.
Ketone bodies refer to acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone. Ketone bodies are intermediate products of fat metabolism in the body. Ordinary people have very little ketone bodies in their urine, and qualitative tests are negative. However, during early pregnancy, when pregnant women experience severe nausea and vomiting and cannot eat properly, it often leads to carbohydrate metabolic disorders and increased fat breakdown, resulting in ketonemia and subsequently ketonuria. The number of (+) signs in urinary ketone bodies indicates the extent of fat consumption due to vomiting and inability to eat, reflecting the severity of the pregnant woman's condition and aiding doctors in timely treatment.
Urinary ketone body test (+)
Chlamydia infection (+)
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, commonly known as AIDS. This disease spreads rapidly, with extremely high mortality rates for pregnant women and babies, and currently lacks safe and effective treatment methods or safe vaccines.
(RPR) screening (+)
Ordinary people only have small amounts of protein in their urine, and routine qualitative tests do not detect them. When the test is positive using standard methods, it is referred to as proteinuria. Increased proteinuria during pregnancy is often caused by various primary or secondary diseases, and the number of (+) signs reflects the severity of the pregnant woman's condition.
Specific explanations of (+) in prenatal examination tests.