Sexual dimorphism in dogs

We often hear dog owners interpret their dogs' actions with human thoughts, making the dogs seem as if they have deep scheming and a lot of calculation, vividly describing a little dog as a divine dog that would plot revenge when it is unhappy. However, on the other hand, some dogs' reactions are not baseless, and indeed are the results of some judgments. Moreover, due to different genders, dogs may also have different reactions to the same thing.