2. Short circuit of lead-acid battery plates.
The phenomenon of short-circuiting in lead-acid battery plates is mostly caused by damage to the separator or excessive accumulation of deposits at the bottom. If it's due to separator damage, the battery should be disassembled and the separator replaced. If only one cell's separator is damaged, the plate group of this single cell can be removed and repaired separately. If it's due to excessive deposits, the electrolyte should be poured out and the battery thoroughly rinsed with distilled water before recharging.
3. The reverse polarity phenomenon in batteries!
Reverse polarity in a battery refers to the inversion of positive and negative terminals within one cell, contrary to the majority of the cells' series connection order. During charging, a reversed-polarity battery acts like a battery with very high internal resistance, so the terminal voltage must be tested during discharge to identify this issue. If normal production results in polarity reversal, it can be corrected and used again. However, if the reverse polarity is caused by over-discharge or severe sulfation, the battery will act like a resistor, making it impossible to charge or discharge.