On August 1, 1894, during the First Sino-Japanese War, Emperor Guangxu of the Great Qing issued an imperial edict declaring war on Japan:
"Korea has been a vassal state of the Great Qing for over two hundred years, annually paying tribute, as is known both domestically and internationally. In recent decades, Korea has experienced frequent internal unrest. Our court, with compassion, has repeatedly dispatched troops to quell disturbances there and also assigned officials to reside in the Korean capital for protection. This April, Korea again faced rebellion from bandits. The king of Korea urgently requested military assistance, and we immediately ordered Li Hongzhang to send troops to aid. Upon arrival at Asan, the bandits dispersed. However, Japan sent troops without cause, suddenly entering Seoul. Subsequently, they reinforced their forces by over ten thousand soldiers, compelling Korea to alter its national policies through various unreasonable demands. Our dynasty has always allowed Korea to manage its domestic affairs independently. Japan's treaty with Korea is that of an allied nation; it is unjustifiable to bully with heavy military force and compel political changes. Public opinion from all countries considers Japan’s actions as baseless and irrational. They have been advised to withdraw their troops and resolve matters peacefully. Yet, Japan has blatantly disregarded these pleas, refusing any resolution, and instead continued to reinforce their troops. This has caused increasing alarm among the Korean populace and Chinese merchants. Therefore, we have sent additional troops for protection. Unexpectedly, while en route, Japanese warships ambushed us unprepared, firing cannons off the coast of Asan, damaging our transport ships. Such deceitful conduct was beyond expectation. Japan has violated treaties and international law, acting arbitrarily and cunningly, initiating hostilities without justification, which is clearly against public reason. Hence, this announcement is made to inform all under heaven that our court's handling of this matter has been with utmost benevolence and justice. Japan's breach of alliance and provocation are utterly unreasonable, making further tolerance impossible. Li Hongzhang is hereby ordered to strictly command all dispatched armies to swiftly suppress the enemy, gather a mighty force, and continue advancing to rescue the Korean people from suffering. Additionally, all generals, governors, and military commanders along the rivers and coasts are instructed to prepare their armies. Should Japanese warships enter any port, they are to be attacked fiercely, completely annihilated, with no retreat allowed, lest punishment ensues. This decree shall be universally announced. So decreed."
On the same day, Emperor Meiji of Japan issued a declaration of war: